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1 McAdam, John Loudon
[br]b. 21 September 1756 Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 26 November 1836 Moffat, Dumfriesshire, Scotland[br]Scottish road builder, inventor of the macadam road surface.[br]McAdam was the son of one of the founder of the first bank in Ayr. As an infant, he nearly died in a fire which destroyed the family's house of Laywyne, in Carsphairn parish; the family then moved to Blairquhan, near Straiton. Thence he went to the parish school in Maybole, where he is said to have made a model section of a local road. In 1770, when his father died, he was sent to America where he was brought up by an uncle who was a merchant in New York. He stayed in America until the close of the revolution, becoming an agent for the sale of prizes and managing to amass a considerable fortune. He returned to Scotland where he settled at Sauchrie in Ayrshire. There he was a magistrate, Deputy-Lieutenant of the county and a road trustee, spending thirteen years there. In 1798 he moved to Falmouth in Devon, England, on his appointment as agent for revictualling of the Royal Navy in western ports.He continued the series of experiments started in Ayrshire on the construction of roads. From these he concluded that a road should be built on a raised foundation with drains formed on either side, and should be composed of a number of layers of hard stone broken into angular fragments of roughly cubical shape; the bottom layer would be larger rocks, with layers of progressively smaller rocks above, all bound together with fine gravel. This would become compacted and almost impermeable to water by the action of the traffic passing over it. In 1815 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Bristol's roads and put his theories to the test.In 1823 a Committee of the House of Commons was appointed to consider the use of "macadamized" roads in larger towns; McAdam gave evidence to this committee, and it voted to give him £10,000 for his past work. In 1827 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Roads and moved to Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire. From there he made yearly visits to Scotland and it was while returning from one of these that he died, at Moffat in the Scottish Borders. He had married twice, both times to American women; his first wife was the mother of all seven of his children.McAdam's method of road construction was much cheaper than that of Thomas Telford, and did much to ease travel and communications; it was therefore adopted by the majority of Turnpike Trusts in Britain, and the macadamization process quickly spread to other countries.[br]Bibliography1819. A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Roads.1820. Present State of Road-Making.Further ReadingR.Devereux, 1936, John Loudon McAdam: A Chapter from the History of Highways, London: Oxford University Press.IMcN -
2 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
3 Civil engineering
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4 tarmac
Гудрон; шоссе, покрытое гудроном; бетонированная площадка перед ангаром в аэропорту. Tarmac — название покрытия многих дорог. Такое покрытие было создано в 1820-х гг. шотландским инженером Джоном Мак-Адамом (John Loudon McAdam) (1756—1836). Он использовал метод, при котором размельчённый камень смешивался с гравием, чтобы получить покрытие, которое быстро высыхало. Использование слоя смолы, гудрона (tar), чтобы уплотнить поверхностный слой, было более поздним изобретением, которое дало жизнь слову tarmacadam, позже сокращённому до tarmac. Существует и глагол to tarmac (покрывать гудроном).
См. также в других словарях:
McAdam, John Loudon — ▪ British inventor born Sept. 21, 1756, Ayr, Ayrshire, Scot. died Nov. 26, 1836, Moffat, Dumfriesshire Scottish inventor of the macadam road (roads and highways) surface. In 1770 he went to New York City, entering the countinghouse of a… … Universalium
McAdam, John (Loudon) — (21 sep. 1756, Ayr, Ayrshire, Escocia–26 nov. 1836, Moffat, Dumfriesshire). Inventor escocés del proceso macadán para pavimentar caminos. Hizo temprana fortuna en la oficina de contabilidad de su tío en Nueva York (1770–83). De regreso en Escocia … Enciclopedia Universal
McAdam, John (Loudon) — born Sept. 21, 1756, Ayr, Ayrshire, Scot. died Nov. 26, 1836, Moffat, Dumfriesshire Scottish inventor of the macadam road surface. He made an early fortune in his uncle s New York countinghouse (1770–83). Back in Scotland, he noted the poor… … Universalium
John Loudon McAdam — (* 21. September 1756 in Ayr, Ayrshire, Schottland; † 26. November 1836 in Moffat, Dumfriesshire) war ein schottischer Ingenieur, der 1815 einen damals revolutionären und einfachen Straßenbelag erfand. Dieser diente … Deutsch Wikipedia
John Loudon McAdam — For other people named John McAdam, see John McAdam (disambiguation). John Loudon McAdam Born September 21, 1756 Ayr, Scotland Died November 26, 1836 … Wikipedia
John Loudon McAdam — Retrato de John Loudon McAdam. John Loudon McAdam (21 de septiembre de 1756 en Ayr, Escocia 20 de noviembre de 1836 en Moffat) fue un ingeniero escocés. Dedicó su vida a la construcción de carreteras, área en la que inventó un nuevo proceso que… … Wikipedia Español
John Loudon McAdam — Pour les articles homonymes, voir John McAdam. John Loudon McAdam. John Loudon McAdam est un ingénieur écossais (21 septembre 1756 26 novembre 1836). Curateur des routes en Écosse pui … Wikipédia en Français
John McAdam — John Loudon McAdam John Loudon McAdam (* 21. September 1756 in Ayr, Ayrshire, Schottland; † 26. November 1836 in Moffat, Dumfriesshire) war ein schottischer Ingenieur, der 1815 einen damals revolutionären und einfachen Straßenbelag erfand. Dieser … Deutsch Wikipedia
McAdam — MacAdam bezeichnet MacAdam Ellipse (nach David L(ewis) MacAdam), Bereich von Farbtönen, die zu einem Bezugsfarbton als mit gleichen Abstand wahrgenommenen werden. Makadam (nach John Loudon McAdam), Bezeichnung eines Straßenbelags … Deutsch Wikipedia
john — /jon/, n. Slang. 1. a toilet or bathroom. 2. (sometimes cap.) a fellow; guy. 3. (sometimes cap.) a prostitute s customer. [generic use of the proper name] * * * I known as John Lackland born Dec. 24, 1167, Oxford, Eng. died Oct. 18/19, 1216,… … Universalium
John — /jon/, n. 1. the apostle John, believed to be the author of the fourth Gospel, three Epistles, and the book of Revelation. 2. See John the Baptist. 3. (John Lackland) 1167? 1216, king of England 1199 1216; signer of the Magna Carta 1215 (son of… … Universalium
